---
title: Analysis of Average Hand-drawing  and Its Application
tags: 
author: [Nakamura Laboratory (Meiji University)](https://convert.docswell.com/user/nkmr-lab)
site: [Docswell](https://www.docswell.com/)
thumbnail: https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V87D4856EG.jpg?width=480
description: Conference：Intetain2017 Date：2017/06/20 Tag：Average Hand-drawing, Hand-drawing, Illustration Author：Shinjiro Niino（新納真次郎）, Nanae Hagiwara（萩原奈苗）, Satoshi Nakamura（中村聡史）, Masaaki Suzuki（鈴木正明）, Takanori Komatsu（小松孝徳）
published: September 06, 17
canonical: https://convert.docswell.com/s/nkmr-lab/K1318Z-analysis-of-average-handdrawing-and-its-application
---
# Page. 1

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V87D4856EG.jpg)

Analysis of Average Hand-drawing
and Its Application
Shinjiro Niino (Meiji University)
Nanae Hagiwara, Satoshi Nakamura,
Masaaki Suzuki, and Takanori Komatsu


# Page. 2

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4VJPM8DZJ8.jpg)

Average Painter
1/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
※ Please come on my booth in demonstration session


# Page. 3

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/L2EV9N1M7Q.jpg)

Background


# Page. 4

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/Z57GZK2XJL.jpg)

Background
2/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• When was the last time
you drew illustrations?
• 88% of people cannot be satisfied
with their hand-drawing
Do you have a feeling of being not good
at handwritings or hand-drawings
(ZEBRA - http://www.zebra.co.jp/press/news/2014/0918.html)


# Page. 5

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V4EQLNP57P.jpg)

Background
2/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• When was the last time
you drew illustrations?
• 88%People
of people
cannot
be satisfied
have
desires
for
with their hand-drawing
better hand-drawings
Do you have a feeling of being not good
at handwritings or hand-drawings
(ZEBRA - http://www.zebra.co.jp/press/news/2014/0918.html)


# Page. 6

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/DKJ4DGYVE1.jpg)

Related Work
3/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• ShadowDraw [Lee 2011]
− guides userʼs drawings by displaying a shadow
image of target illustration in background


# Page. 7

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/PLE1ZD64JG.jpg)

Related Work
3/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• ShadowDraw [Lee 2011]
− guides userʼs drawings by displaying a shadow
image of target illustration in background
User cannot draw the target illustration
if it is not in the database


# Page. 8

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/8GEW9YWZE2.jpg)

Related Work
4/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Pegasus [Igarashi 1994]
− support to draw geometric design easily and
rapidly by suggesting correct strokes


# Page. 9

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/W47Z9X5L73.jpg)

Related Work
4/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Pegasus [Igarashi 1994]
− support to draw geometric design easily and
rapidly by suggesting correct strokes
This method may eliminate users’
unique personality of hand-drawings


# Page. 10

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/KYJ6K49MJV.jpg)

Background
5/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• There is not enough knowledge
about the characteristics of handdrawing in previous work


# Page. 11

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5GJ5PQNQJ4.jpg)

Purpose of Study
6/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• To clarify characteristics of handdrawn illustrations
• To realize the supporting system for
satisfactory hand-drawings based
on the characteristics


# Page. 12

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V9E26P5W7R.jpg)

Study about Handwritings
7/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Average handwritten Hiragana-characters
are beautiful [Nakamura 2016]
Hiragana-characters


# Page. 13

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5D7Y95K9JM.jpg)

Study about Handwritings
8/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• The average handwritten characters were
highly evaluated than daily ones
Comparison of Daily
handwritten character
with Average character
1day
,
,
2day
,・・・・,
3day
&lt;
4day
5day
+
Average
Character
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 14

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/2VENLNRD78.jpg)

Study about Handwritings
9/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• The average handwritten characters of all users
were highly evaluated than the ones of each user
Comparison of Each user’s
average character with
All users’ average character
,
,
,・・・・ ,
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・+
n


# Page. 15

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/GY794RM8J3.jpg)

Questions about Hand-drawings
10/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Q1: Are the average illustrations
beautiful?
• Q2: Are the average illustrations of
several users beautiful?
• Q3: Are illustrations by dominant
hand similar to ones by nondominant hand? Or Not?


# Page. 16

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5G78QWLZJD.jpg)

Hypotheses
11/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Hypo1: The average illustrations are more beautiful
than original ones
,
,・・・・,
,
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
• Hypo2: The average illustrations of all users are
more beautiful than the ones of each user
,
,
, ・・・・ ,
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
,
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
• Hypo3: The average illustrations by non-dominant
hand are similar to the ones by dominant hand
n
≒
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 17

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/ML7LXNL17R.jpg)

Method


# Page. 18

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/54EMLXM5JW.jpg)

Averaging Method
12/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Mathematize strokes of illustrations by
using Fourier Series Expansion
𝑥=
272.08cos(0t) + 0sin(0t) + 16.62cos(1t) + 0.09sin(1t) + 29.81cos(2t) + -0.32sin(2t) + 2.91cos(3t) + 0.05sin(3t) + -37.67cos(4t) +
0.8sin(4t) + 18.93cos(5t) + -0.5sin(5t) + ・・・
𝑦=
229.95cos(0t) + 0sin(0t) + 42.82cos(1t) + 0.23sin(1t) + 4.75cos(2t) + -0.05sin(2t) +
44.24cos(3t) + -0.7sin(3t) + 16.89cos(4t) + 0.36sin(4t) + -2.51cos(5t) + 0.07sin(5t) + ・・・


# Page. 19

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/ZPERKNVZJ9.jpg)

Averaging Method
13/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Average the mathematized strokes
𝑖=2
𝑖=1
𝑖=3
𝑵
𝟏
𝒙𝒊 = . 𝒇𝒊,𝒌 𝒕
𝑵
𝒌3𝟏
𝑵
𝑁
・
・
・
𝟏
𝒚𝒊 = . 𝒈𝒊,𝒌 𝒕
𝑵
𝒌3𝟏


# Page. 20

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/NP7XLNZ17X.jpg)

Averaging Method
13/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Average the mathematized strokes
𝑖=2
𝑖=1
𝑖=3
𝑵
𝟏
𝒙𝒊 = . 𝒇𝒊,𝒌 𝒕
𝑵
𝒌3𝟏
𝑵
𝑁
・
・
・
𝟏
𝒚𝒊 = . 𝒈𝒊,𝒌 𝒕
𝑵
𝒌3𝟏


# Page. 21

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/637KLN8MJD.jpg)

Demonstration of Method
14/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion


# Page. 22

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4LJ33V22J5.jpg)

Experiments


# Page. 23

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V8JD48Z67G.jpg)

Experiments
15/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• We conducted experiments
− Created a dataset of hand-drawn illustrations
− Evaluated hand-drawn illustrations
Experiment1
・・・・
Experiment2
Experiment3
・・・・
+
+
n
+ ・・・・ +
&lt;
+
&lt;
+
≒
+
+
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
+ ・・・・ +
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 24

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4VEPM8YZE8.jpg)

Dataset
16/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
Participants
Illustrations
Times
8 people
Student / Age : 20-22 / Men:4 Women:4
4 illustrations
Dominant hand
5times
Non-dominant hand
5times


# Page. 25

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/L27V9NGMJQ.jpg)

Dataset
17/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• We generated average illustrations
1
2
3
A
E
B
F
C
G
D
H
4
5
Average
User’s illustrations
Average
Each user’s
average illustration
All users’
average illustration


# Page. 26

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/Z5JGZK8XEL.jpg)

Experiments
18/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
Experiment1
・・・・
Experiment2
Experiment3
・・・・
+
+
n
+ ・・・・ +
&lt;
+
&lt;
+
≒
+
+
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
+ ・・・・ +
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 27

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V47QLN95JP.jpg)

Experiments
19/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
Experiment1
・・・・
Experiment2
Experiment3
・・・・
+
+
n
+ ・・・・ +
&lt;
+
&lt;
+
≒
+
+
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
+ ・・・・ +
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 28

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/DKE4DGXV71.jpg)

Ex1:
・・・・
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
20/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Rank illustrations from 1st to 3rd
− Evaluators : 16 people


# Page. 29

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/PL71ZDN4EG.jpg)

Result1:
・・・・
&lt;
+
+
21/36
+ ・・・・ +
n
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
+
+...+
n
Average
𝒏 𝐭imes illustration 𝒏 times illustration
by dominant hand by non-dominant hand illustrations


# Page. 30

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/8G7W9Y4Z72.jpg)

Result1:
・・・・
&lt;
+
+
21/36
+ ・・・・ +
n
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
+
+...+
n
Average
𝒏 𝐭imes illustration 𝒏 times illustration
by dominant hand by non-dominant hand illustrations
Average illustrations are more
beautiful than original ones


# Page. 31

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/W4JZ9X2LJ3.jpg)

Average Illustrations
22/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• The average of several hand-drawn illustrations
Original
Average
1
3
2
4
5
Average


# Page. 32

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/KYE6K4VMEV.jpg)

Experiments
23/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
Experiment1
・・・・
Experiment2
Experiment3
・・・・
+
+
n
+ ・・・・ +
&lt;
+
&lt;
+
≒
+
+
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
+ ・・・・ +
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 33

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5GE5PQDQE4.jpg)

Ex2:
・・・・
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・+
n
24/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Rank illustrations from 1st to 3rd
− Evaluators : 16 people


# Page. 34

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V9726P8WJR.jpg)

Result2:
・・・・
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
25/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
The average illustration of all users
The average illustrations of each user


# Page. 35

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5DJY9569EM.jpg)

Result2:
・・・・
&lt;
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
25/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
The average illustration of all users
The average
illustrations
of each
The average
illustrations
of all
useruser
are more
beautiful than the ones of each user


# Page. 36

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/2V7NLNZDJ8.jpg)

Average Illustration
26/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• The average illustrations of several users
A
B
C
(A+B+C)/3
Average


# Page. 37

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/GYJ94RZ8E3.jpg)

Experiments
27/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
Experiment1
・・・・
Experiment2
Experiment3
・・・・
+
+
n
+ ・・・・ +
&lt;
+
&lt;
+
≒
+
+
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
+ ・・・・ +
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 38

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5GJ8QW1ZED.jpg)

Ex3:
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
≒
+
+
+ ・・・・ +
n
28/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Make 8 pairs that they thought similar
illustration from average illustrations by
dominant hand and non-dominant hand


# Page. 39

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/MLJLXNQ1JR.jpg)

Result3:
+
+
+
n
・・・・ +
≒
+
+
+
n
・・・・ +
29/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion


# Page. 40

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/547MLX15EW.jpg)

Result3:
+
+
+
n
・・・・ +
≒
+
+
+
n
・・・・ +
29/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
The average illustrations by nondominant are similar to the ones by
dominant hand


# Page. 41

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/ZP7RKNLZE9.jpg)

Result3:
+
+
+
・・・・ +
n
≒
+
+
+
n
・・・・ +
30/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
The average illustrations
by dominant hand
The average illustrations
by non-dominant hand
A
A
B
B
C
D
≒
C
D


# Page. 42

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/NPJXLNW1JX.jpg)

Clarified Characteristics
31/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
1. The average illustrations are more beautiful
than the original ones
2. The average illustrations of all users are more
beautiful than the ones of each users
3. The average illustrations by non-dominant
hand are similar to the ones by dominant
hand


# Page. 43

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/63JKLNVMED.jpg)

Average Painter
32/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• Prototype of the system to support
hand-drawings by averaging strokes
l Redrawn Stroke
l Undone Stroke


# Page. 44

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4LE33VM2E5.jpg)

Demonstration Video 33/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
※ Please come on my booth in demonstration session


# Page. 45

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V8ED4866JG.jpg)

Conclusion


# Page. 46

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4V7PMWZZ78.jpg)

Conclusion(1)
34/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• We made 3 hypotheses about
hand-drawn illustrations, and
clarified characteristics of ones
Hypo1
・・・・
Hypo2
Hypo3
・・・・
+
+
n
+ ・・・・ +
&lt;
+
&lt;
+
≒
+
+
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
+ ・・・・ +
n
+
+ ・・・・ +
n


# Page. 47

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/L2JV98WMEQ.jpg)

Conclusion(2)
35/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• We implemented a prototype of
drawing system to support drawing
by averaging hand-drawings
Average Functions


# Page. 48

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/Z5EGZ5DX7L.jpg)

Future Work
36/36
Background &gt; Purpose &gt; Method &gt; Experiment &gt; Application &gt; Conclusion
• To conduct evaluate experiments about Average
Painter
• To apply the result of hypothesis2,3
− Hypothesis2:
n
Collaborate in drawing with usersʼ friends or children or favorite
comic artists...
− Hypothesis3:
n
n
We clarified a gap of usersʼ ideal illustrations and target
illustrations
Realize a system to improve usersʼ ideal illustrations


